Automatic long-distance switching

An outstanding advantage of automatic switching is that the time required to establish a connection depends to a small extent only on the magnitude of the area, i.e., the number of offices covered by direct dialling service. Toll calls can be established by the operator at the outgoing end, the incoming operator being eliminated. 

Due to the elimination to a large extent of the human element, fewer errors occur. Automatic switching is more economical due to elimination of operators. Buildings are simpler in construction, large operating and rest rooms no longer being required. The efficiency of the line plant is increased due to the more rapid switching methods and better utilisation of the toll circuits. 

The paper describes very completely how various problems that arise when introducing direct dialling between subscribers in different cities have been solved.