Fundamentals of Antennas for Undergraduate Students in Electronics Engineering, Math, and Physics

Open-wire transmission line is explained, and the concepts of characteristic impedance and standing waves are presented. The ends of an open-ended transmission line are bent at right angles to the transmission-line axis to form an incremental dipole. This is used as the starting point for explaining radiation. A number of such incremental dipoles placed in a straight line are added vectorially at a great distance from the antenna (the 'far field') using simple trigonomentric rules.