Propagation in urban canyons and buildings: Theory and measurements

Standard theory of normal mode propagation in a LOS street scenario is extended to include propagation into buildings through coupling to a diffuse indoor field. Resulting signal strength predictions show close agreement with measurements, producing 2 dB and 5 dB rms errors, respectively, in LOS and outdoor-indoor scenarios. The full 3D field model provides effects such as the reduction in angle spread with distance, with all orders of reflection implicitly included. The model allows prediction of actual signal directions, important for evaluating performance of directional antennas. It is further extended to account for outdoor NLOS scenarios such as around the corner and over the clutter propagation.