Structural and electronic properties of elemental semiconductors and surfaces.

This article reviews our present understanding of surface reconstructions on clean silicon. The (100) (2x1), the metastable (111) (2x1), the (111) (7x7) and several "new" reconstructions are described in detail and physical reasons are given for their occurrence. The reconstructions are compared with features of other bulk- like defects and common physical driving forces are identified, which are characteristic of the electronic structure of silicon.