FRMCS 5G radio

Optimizing rail networks with Nokia 5G radio access network (RAN) technology

The Future Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS) is transforming how railways operate. As the 5G-based successor to GSM-R, FRMCS enables rail operators to adopt digital technologies, boost automation and ensure reliable, secure communication across national and international networks.

What is FRMCS?

FRMCS is the next-generation global railway communication standard, evolving from the legacy GSM-R system. It is designed to support the digitalization and automation of rail operations, providing a foundation for smarter, safer and more efficient rail networks.

Engineered with built-in security and high reliability, FRMCS supports mission-critical services and new digital applications, making it a cornerstone of future-ready rail infrastructure and unlocks a range of benefits, including:

Enhanced train control and passenger experience
Reduced cost via automation
Remote control and infrastructure optimization
Facilitated interoperability across national borders and between different rail systems
Introduction of service innovation through new applications for safety, operations and passenger engagement

Why 5G for railways?

5G introduces powerful capabilities that align perfectly with the operational needs of modern railways:

On this page

What role does radio access network (RAN) play in FRMCS?
What are the main challenges in migrating from GSM-R to FRMCS?
What are the architectural considerations and portfolio components for FRMCS/5G?
Our FRMCS leadership and case studies
Related solutions and products
Learn more

Mission-critical performance

Ultra-low latency and high reliability support train control, emergency services and other safety-critical applications

Increased resiliency

Built-in redundancy and robust connectivity enhance overall service availability

Automation-ready

FRMCS enables the adoption of autonomous trains, real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance

Network slicing

Isolates resources for different use cases, ensuring efficient and secure operation of multiple services on the same infrastructure

What role does radio access network (RAN) play in FRMCS?

The Radio Access Network (RAN) is a vital element of the FRMCS architecture. It ensures continuous, high-quality wireless communication between trains, trackside equipment and railway control centers.

Key features of FRMCS RAN

5G New Radio (NR)

Improves coverage, capacity and spectral efficiency.

Support for multiple frequency bands

Operates in 900 MHz and 1900 MHz, enabling flexible deployments.

Enhanced security

5G’s native security architecture provides stronger protection against evolving cyber threats compared to GSM-R.

Deployment scenarios

FRMCS is designed to adapt to diverse railway environments:

Long-distance routes: Require wider cell coverage with optimized site spacing to support lower train densities.
Urban and station areas: Demand higher capacity and denser cell coverage to handle intense communication needs.

Network redundancy & reliability

FRMCS networks are built with multi-layered redundancy:

Redundant units and overlapping coverage zones help maintain uninterrupted service.
Geo-redundant core infrastructure ensures failover support in case of local outages.

What are the main challenges in migrating from GSM-R to FRMCS?

Key challenges include:

Coexistence complexity: GSM-R and FRMCS must operate in parallel during transition
Spectrum management: Requires careful planning and regulatory coordination
Network readiness: Infrastructure upgrades and vendor diversification must be addressed

How can operators manage a smooth transition to FRMCS?

A phased deployment strategy helps ensure continuity and minimize disruption:

Deploy FRMCS in the 1900 MHz band while maintaining GSM-R
Leverage existing sites and infrastructure to lower deployment costs
Gradually modernize the network to maintain reliable service throughout migration

Phased GSM-R decommissioning: Enables manageable transition steps
FRMCS 900 MHz introduction: Post-GSM-R shutdown, the 900 MHz band expands capacity and adds redundancy

What are the architectural considerations and portfolio components for FRMCS/5G?

Our FRMCS/5G network design is built for resilience, scalability and railway-grade performance. We deliver an end-to-end design tailored specifically for the rail sector:

Geo-redundant 5G Core: Cloud-native, high-performance, containerized 5G Core with active architecture for continuous service
Flexible RAN architecture: Our AirScale portfolio supports distributed, centralized and hybrid models, with dual-band (900 &1900 MHz) for optimal and scalable coverage, suitable for various geographies and train densities
Nokia transport network: Fiber, IP/MPLS and microwave with automation via WaveSuite and NSP
Low-latency topology: Edge computing and hierarchical data center design support critical applications like train control
Rail-grade reliability: Built-in failover, self-healing and real-time monitoring features ensure high availability
Cybersecurity & intelligent orchestration: AI-driven threat detection and smart network management with NetGuard and Digital Operations Center

Our FRMCS leadership and case studies

Nokia is a key contributor to the development and standardization of FRMCS, collaborating with global industry bodies and railway stakeholders to shape the future of rail communication. As the #1 provider of GSM-R, with over 110,000 km of tracks deployed across 22 countries, we bring more than 30 years of railway experience and a proven track record with 140+ railway customers. Backed by deep expertise in mission-critical network design, operations and migration, and supported by Bell Labs innovation, we are uniquely positioned to lead the industry from legacy systems to next-generation FRMCS and 5G.